Ensuring that all our children are ready to succeed when they enter kindergarten is a tremendous task, made much more difficult in the United States by high levels of poverty and low levels of parental education. One in four preschoolers lives in poverty, nearly half in low-income families. Twenty-seven percent are born to mothers without a high school diploma or GED. Assessments at kindergarten entry show that surprisingly many children from middle-income families are poorly prepared to succeed. There are many public policies that could contribute to reducing this problem, and there is no single solution, but let us consider one that seems obvious and for which there is considerable evidence, public preschool programs.
Public preschool education could be an important part of the solution, but currently it is not given a chance. Ensuring school readiness through preschool education is precluded by low levels of investment and high levels of wishful thinking. Far too many children lack access to preschool education, and it is least available to those who could benefit most. The majority of 3-year-olds in homes where Spanish is the primary language don’t attend any preschool program. Some don’t qualify for publicly funded programs because their parents work long hours to keep them out of poverty. Others live in states that don’t fund any preschool program at all or in neighborhoods that aren’t served. As a nation we spend far more public money on prisons than on preschools. Federal and state governments together spend less on preschool education than Americans spend on pet food.
The latest research on preschool program outcomes to cross my desk is the third grade follow-up of the national randomized trial of Head Start. It is now clear: Head Start produces no perceptible lasting gains in any domain of child development. This does not rule out very small persistent gains, but Head Start is not meeting its goals. Yet, much of the field seems to be in denial, responding that bad public schools erode the effects of Head Start. Somehow they fail to see that even initial gains are quite small and that children in the study made much larger gains in kindergarten and the early grades than they did in Head Start. Other studies confirm that learning gains in kindergarten are much larger than in Head Start. The root of the problem is that Head Start is locked into a program model that fails to focus on intensive education and pays teaching staff abysmally. This model has failed every true experimental test (Early Head Start, the Comprehensive Child Development Program, the Child and Family Resource Centers).
State pre-K programs often are little better than Head Start since they too usually lack the funding and standards of public education for kindergarten. State subsidized child care (as opposed to preschool education) is so poor that it may actually harm child development on average. Clearly, just shifting Head Start to the states is not enough to solve the problem. However, for all the faults of public education, one only has to look at growth curves for learning over time to conclude that if preschool were supported like kindergarten, children would be much better prepared. And, looking at the programs found to produce substantive lasting gains for children in well-controlled studies, the common theme is that they are much more educationally intensive than our current preschool programs. It is time to face facts and change directions.
If the United States is to effectively address the school readiness problem, public preschool programs must provide much more intensive education to many more children. Only public preschool education for all children is likely to achieve this goal. Means-tested programs exclude too many children who need help. The federal government should incentivize states to offer preschool programs that meet a small number of well-defined criteria for quality and set a goal to serve all children by a certain date. Then let states innovate as they have a track record of creating flexible public-private preschool partnerships. The focus of accountability should be on strong teaching and truly substantive gains in broad child development. Head Start should be integrated into public education as a funding stream to enhance the education of young children in poverty so that they start early and receive the best teachers and smallest classes. Once we stop thinking of preschool as charity and start thinking of it as an investment in everyone’s future we might actually do what is necessary to meaningfully improve the education of young children.
– Steve Barnett, Director, NIEER
This entry is cross-posted to The National Journal and is in response to the post “Pre-K for Everyone?” by Fawn Johnson.
3 Comments
As a parent and early education consultant who has just moved here from the UK I am appalled at the lack of state funded pre school education. In the UK all 3’year olds have 15 hours of state funded pre school. The school based programmed are lead by qualified teachers who are paid on line with teachers of older children. The private and voluntary sector have curriculum and care guidance to follow, are supported by advisory teachers and have regular inspections to monitor quality.
I have 2 children under 5 and although I would love to work in early childhood education here I am finding it increasingly difficult to find work that will pay enough to put my own children in childcare.
My children would have attended full time school before their 5th birthday in the UK ( not necessarily a good thing) here they will be almost 7. As the girls will be so late starting school I am amazed that there is no investment in state funded pre school.
in the UK schools have a duty to provide rap around care therefore a number of independent pre schools have moved onto school sites.
Early learning builds the foundations for future life, help children early and they will be more likely to succeed later on saving the government millions in education, youth and poverty programmes.
Thank you for highlighting the issues.
Sorry just spotted a typo. Wrap around care.
Thank you for highlighting the issue of early childhood teacher pay! I too am having a hard time working in the field and having enough to pay for my own child’s care. I worked in a high quality center, or 5 star center on Louisiana’s scale, but could not afford to put my own child into a center rated higher than two. I left a field that I am beyond passionate about to manage a fast food chicken finger restaurant who paid almost double my teaching salary. Something is wrong when a profession responsible for frying chicken is paid better than a profession responsible for developing young minds. I am now working on my Masters in Early Childhood Development and desperately hoping to find a job that can cover the cost of living and the cost of putting my children into the quality education they deserve. The above article eloquently describes the need to drive highly passionate and highly driven individuals into the field of early education and exactly why this has yet to occur. It is time for the wishful thinking to end and real solutions to begin.